Tratamento da fístula anal com extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia. Estudo experimental em ratos / Treatment of anal fistula with Baccharis dracunculifolia extract. Experimental study in rats

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia no tratamento de fístulas anais em ratos. Métodos: vinte ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à confecção de fístula anal e, após 30 dias, foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo Controle, com cinco animais; Grupo Carbopol, com cinco animais; e Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, com dez animais. No Grupo Controle, não se realizou nenhum tratamento. No Grupo Carbopol, realizou-se infusão diária de carbopol, e no Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, infusão de extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia com carbopol, ambos por 30 dias. Foram retirados espécimes para análise histológica após a eutanásia. Resultados: não houve fechamento completo do trajeto fistuloso em nenhum dos animais. A média da área do trajeto resultante foi de 847,2µm2, 565,6µm2 e 372,7µm2, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,001). A média do escore de processo inflamatório foi de 2,4, 2,4 e 2,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,285), enquanto a média de congestão vascular foi de 1,6, 1,4 e 1,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,031). Conclusão: o extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia foi capaz de reduzir o lúmen dos trajetos fistulosos e a congestão vascular, sem reduzir, no entanto, o processo inflamatório local ou fechar totalmente os trajetos fistulosos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Baccharis dracunculifolia extract in the treatment of anal fistulas in rats. Methods: twenty male Wistar rats were submitted to anal fistula and, after 30 days, were divided into three groups: Control Group, with five animals; Carbopol Group, with five animals; and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, with ten animals. In the Control Group, no treatment was performed. In the Carbopol Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol was performed for 30 days. In the Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol plus Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was performed for 30 days. Specimens were taken for histological analysis after euthanasia. Results: there was no complete closure of the fistulous tract in any of the animals. The mean area of the remaining tract was of 847.2µm2, 565.6µm2 and 372.7µm2, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.001). The mean of the inflammatory process score was of 2.4, 2.4, and 2.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.285), while the mean values of vascular congestion were of 1.6, 1.4, and 1.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.031). Conclusion: Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was able to reduce the lumen of the fistulous tracts and the degree of vascular congestion, without, however, reducing the local inflammatory process or totally closing the fistulous tracts.

Gender-based analysis of the characteristics and outcomes of surgery for anal fistula: analysis of more than 560 cases / Análise baseada no sexo das características e desfechos de cirurgia para fístula anal: análise de mais de 560 casos

ABSTRACT Background: Fistula-in-ano commonly affects males more than females. Some differences in the characteristics of fistula-in-ano between both genders have been recognized, yet the impact of these differences on the outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano is still unclear. The present study conducted a gender-specific analysis aiming to assess the characteristics and the outcomes of surgery of fistula-in-ano in each gender. Patients and methods: The records of patients with fistula-in-ano were retrospectively reviewed and the following variables were extracted: patients' demographics, type of fistula-in-ano, position of the external opening, operation performed, incidence of recurrence and complications, particularly fecal incontinence. Gender-based analysis of the characters and outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano was performed. Results: 565 (491 males) patients of a mean age of 41.7 years were included. Females had a significantly higher percentage of low fistula-in-ano than males (70.2% vs. 50.3%, p = 0.002). Males had a significantly higher percentage of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano (48.5% vs. 29.7%; p = 0.003). Anterior fistula-in-ano was more common in female patients (69% vs. 16.3%; p < 0.0001). Recurrence of fistula-in-ano was detected in 42 (7.4%) patients. Males had higher recurrence rate than females (7.9% vs. 4%; p = 0.34). Fecal incontinence developed in 1.7% of patients with higher incidence observed in females (4% vs. 1.4%). Conclusion: The majority of fistula-in-ano in males were posterior and high trans-sphincteric whereas most fistula-in-ano in females were low and anteriorly based. Despite the different characteristics of fistula-in-ano; no significant differences in the rates of fistula recurrence and fecal incontinence between males and females could be recorded.

RESUMO Background: A fístula anal comumente acomete mais os homens que as mulheres. Algumas diferenças nas características da fístula anal entre ambos os sexos têm sido reconhecidas, embora o impacto dessas diferenças nos desfechos da cirurgia para fístula anal ainda seja incerto. O presente estudo realizou uma análise específica para sexo, com o objetivo de avaliar as características e os desfechos da cirurgia de fístula anal em cada sexo. Pacientes e métodos: Os prontuários de pacientes com fístula anal foram revisados retrospectivamente e as seguintes variáveis foram extraídas: dados demográficos dos pacientes, tipo de fístula anal, posição da abertura externa, cirurgia realizada, incidência de recidiva e complicações, particularmente incontinência fecal. Realizou-se uma análise baseada no sexo dos sujeitos e desfechos da cirurgia para fístula anal. Resultados: Foram incluídos 565 pacientes (491 do sexo masculino) com idade média de 41,7 anos. As mulheres apresentaram uma porcentagem significativamente mais alta de fístula anal baixa do que os homens (70,2% vs. 50,3%, p = 0,002). Os homens tiveram uma porcentagem significativamente maior de fístula anal transesfincteriana alta (48,5% vs. 29,7%; p = 0,003). A fístula anal anterior foi mais comum em pacientes do sexo feminino (69% vs. 16,3%; p < 0,0001). A recorrência de fístula anal foi detectada em 42 (7,4%) pacientes. Os homens apresentaram maior taxa de recorrência do que as mulheres (7,9% vs. 4%; p = 0,34). A incontinência fecal desenvolveu-se em 1,7% dos pacientes com maior incidência observada no sexo feminino (4% vs. 1,4%). Conclusão: A maioria das fístulas anais no sexo masculino foi posterior e transesfincteriana alta, enquanto a maioria das fístulas anais no sexo feminino foi baixa e anterior. Apesar das diferentes características da fístula anal, não foi possível registrar diferenças significativas nas taxas de recorrência de fístula e incontinência fecal entre homens e mulheres.

Papel da ultrassonografia endoscópica na avaliação da fístula perianal na doença de Crohn / Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound for perianal fistula in Crohn's disease

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o papel da ultrassonografia endoscópica (UE) em relação à ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e ao exame sob anestesia (ESA) no manejo de pacientes com doença de Crohn fistulizante perianal. Métodos: estudo observacional transversal com pacientes com doença de Crohn perianal, avaliados em um centro terciário de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil, de fevereiro de 2016 a março de 2017. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à UE, RMN e ESA. O grau de concordância entre os três métodos foi avaliado através da obtenção do coeficiente de Kappa. Um valor de Kappa de 0,7 ou maior indicou boa concordância. O teste não paramétrico de Friedman foi utilizado para comparar o número de trajetos fistulosos detectados em cada modalidade. Considerou-se o nível de significância estatística como p<0,05. Resultados: vinte pacientes foram incluídos. Houve concordância entre os três exames em 11 pacientes. O nível de concordância de Kappa entre os três exames foi 0,53 (moderado) (p<0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao número de trajetos fistulosos detectados nos três exames (p=0,641). Houve falha na identificação de um trajeto fistuloso em três pacientes com a UE, em três pacientes com a RMN e em dois pacientes com o ESA. Conclusão: a UE foi comparável à RMN e ao ESA para avaliação da doença de Crohn fistulizante perianal, e pode ser considerada um exame válido para investigação pré-operatória desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the role of endoscopic ultrasonography (EU) in comparison with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and examination under anesthesia (EUA) in the management of patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, observational study with patients with perianal Crohn's disease evaluated at a tertiary center in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, from February 2016 to March 2017. All patients underwent EU, MRI and EUA. We evaluated the degree of agreement between the three methods by obtaining the Kappa coefficient. A Kappa value of 0.7 or greater indicated good agreement. We used the Friedman's non-parametric test to compare the number of fistulous paths detected in each modality. We set the level of statistical significance at p<0.05. Results: we included 20 patients. There was agreement between the three exams in 11 patients. The level of Kappa agreement between the three exams was 0.53 (moderate - p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in relation to the number of fistulous trajectories detected in the three exams (p=0.641). EU failed to identify a fistulous pathway in three patients; MRI failed in three; and EUA failed in two. Conclusion: EU was comparable to MRI and EUA for the evaluation of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease, and can be considered a valid exam for preoperative investigation of such patients.

Incidence of fistula after management of perianal abscess / Incidência de fistulas em seguida ao tratamento de abscesso perianal

Background: Perianal fistula is among the most common anorectal diseases encountered in adults, men are more prone to be affected than women. There is a close relationship of abscess and fistula in etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, therapy, complications and morbidity, it is appropriate to consider them as one entity. Aim of study: To determine the incidence of fistula formation and recurrent abscess in a sample of Iraqi patients in Baghdad and decide whether primary fistulotomy should be performed at the time of incision and drainage of perianal abscesses. Patients and methods: A retrospective study of 68 patients with perianal abscess operations conducted in Baghdad. They underwent incision and drainage under either local or general anesthesia at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospitals and private hospitals over a 15-year period from January 2000 to December 2015. Their ages ranged from 20 to 68 years (40.21 ± 1.34) males (63/68) (92.64%) were more than females (5/68) (7.35%). Patients were treated with incision over the abscess under anesthesia and drainage of the abscess was done. The patients were followed up for an average 18 months (range 12-24 months) after abscess drainage or until a fistula appeared and abscess recurrence. Results: The study group comprised of 68 (92.64%) patients with perianal abscess with a median age 39 years (range 20-68 years). The mean follow-up period was identified to be 18 months (range 12-24 months). Males (63/68) (92.64%) were more than females (5/68) (7.35%). The incidence of fistula formation after follow up, the patients with perianal abscess after incision and drainage was 31/68 (45.58%) and males (30/31) (44.11%) were more than females (1/31) (1.47%). The most common site was posterior then left lateral position. The percentage of patients with recurrent abscess n = 6 (8.82%)were lower than fistula formation n = 31 (45.58%). The percentage of males n = 4/6 (5.88%) were more than females 2/6 (2.94%). Conclusions: The incidence of anal fistula in a sample of Iraqi patients with perianal abscess was 45.58% and percentage of recurrence of perianal abscess was 8.82%. To avoid division of anal sphincter muscle, secondary fistulotomy is advised to be done later when anal fistula will be formed.

Experiência: A fistula perianal está entre as mais comuns doenças anorretais observadas em adultos; os homens demonstram maior tendência para serem afetados, em comparação com as mulheres. Existe íntima relação entre abscessos e fistulas em termos e etiologia, anatomia, fisiopatologia, tratamento, complicações e morbidade; assim, é cabível considerá-los como uma mesma entidade. Objetivo do estudo: Determinar a incidência de formação de fístulas e de abscesso recorrente em uma amostra de pacientes iraquianos em Bagdá, e decidir se a fistulotomia primária deve ser realizada por ocasião da incisão e drenagem de abscessos perianais. Pacientes e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 68 pacientes com operações para abscesso perianal realizadas em Bagdá. Foi realizada incisão e drenagem sob anestesia local ou geral no Hospital-Escola Al-Kindy e em hospitais privados ao longo de um período de 15 anos, de janeiro de 2000 até dezembro de 2015. As idades variavam de 20 a 68 (40,21 ± 1,34) anos. Havia maior número de homens (63/68) (92,64%) do que de mulheres (5/68)(7,35%). Os pacientes tiveram o abscesso tratado sob anestesia, e foi realizada a drenagem do abscesso. Os pacientes foram monitorados, em média, durante 18 meses (variação, 12-24 meses) após a drenagem do abscesso, ou até o surgimento de uma fístula e recorrência do abscesso. Resultados: O grupo de estudo compreendeu 68 (92,64%) pacientes com abscesso perianal, com idade mediana de 39 anos (variação, 20-68 anos). O período médio de seguimento foi de 18 meses (variação, 12-24 meses). Havia maior número de homens (63/68) (92,64%) versus mulheres (5/68) (7,35%). No seguimento, a incidência de formação de fístula nos pacientes com abscesso perianal após a incisão e drenagem foi de 31/68 (45,58%), e os homens foram mais afetados (30/31) (44,11%) versus mulheres (1/31) (1,47%). O local mais comum foi a posição posterior e, em seguida, a lateral esquerda. O percentual de pacientes com abscesso recorrente (6, 8,82%) foi mais baixo do que o percentual para pacientes com formação de fístula (31, 45,58%). O percentual de homens (4/6, 5,88%) foi maior versus mulheres (2/6, 2,94%). Conclusões: A incidência de fístula anal em uma amostra de pacientes iraquianos com abscesso perianal foi de 45,58% e o percentual de recorrência de abscesso perianal foi de 8,82%. Para evitar a divisão do músculo esfinctérico anal, é aconselhável fazer uma fistulotomia secundária mais tarde, quando a fístula anal já estiver formada.

Caracterización anátomo-clínica de la fístula fisuraria / Clinical and anatomical features of fissure-associated anal fistulae

Background: Fissure-associated anal fistulae are not recognized in Parks classification and are probable underdiagnosed. Aim: To characterize these types of fistulae and describe their surgical management and long term results. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of a proctology surgical team. Identified patients were contacted by telephone to know their long term fate. Results: Twenty patients aged 29 to 59 years (70 percent males), with fissure-associated anal fistulae were operated between 1998 and 2011. These corresponded to 4 percent of all ano-rectal fistulae operated in the period. A fistulectomy was performed in 65 percent of patients and a fistulotomy in the rest. In 50 percent of patients, internal lateral sphicterotomy was also performed. Follow-up information was obtained in 80 percent of patients, 71 months (range 7-169) after surgery. No relapses or reoperations were recorded. Two female patients referred occasional gas incontinence, not affecting their quality of life. Conclusions: Considering the trajectory of fissure-associated anal fistulae, they do not affect the sphincter. The usual surgical treatment has a good long term prognosis, except in patients with active fissures, sphincter hypertonia or stenosis.

La fístula fisuraria (FF) es una fístula subcutánea no reconocida en la clasificación de Parks, probablemente existe un sub-diagnóstico de esta entidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar esta entidad desde el punto de vista anátomo-clínico, describiendo el manejo quirúrgico efectuado y sus resultados a largo plazo. Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de la base de datos de cirugía proctológica de nuestro hospital entre los años 1998-2011, con encuesta telefónica para conocer los resultados funcionales alejados. Resultados: Se intervinieron 20 FF, correspondientes al 3,9 por ciento del total de fístulas anorrectales operadas en el período (70 por ciento hombres), con una edad promedio de 47 años (extremos 29-59). Se realizó una fistulectomía en 65 por ciento de los casos y una fistulotomía en el resto. Se asoció esfinterotomía lateral interna (ELI) en la mitad de los casos. Se completó seguimiento en 80 por ciento de los pacientes, con un promedio de 71 meses (extremos 7-169), sin recidivas de la fístula ni reoperaciones. Dos pacientes de sexo femenino con ELI refieren incontinencia ocasional a gases, que no afecta su calidad de vida. Conclusión: Dado el trayecto de la FF, la fistulectomía no afecta el aparato esfinteriano y tiene un buen pronóstico a largo plazo con el tratamiento quirúrgico habitual. No es necesario adicionar una ELI, salvo en pacientes con fisura activa y/o marcada hipertonía esfinteriana y/o estenosis moderada.

Experimental model of anal fistula in rats / Modelo experimental de fistula anal em ratos

INTRODUCTION: the management of anal fistula remains debatable. The lack of a standard treatment free of complications stimulates the development of new options. OBJECTIVE: to develop an experimental model of anal fistula in rats. METHODS: to surgically create an anal fistula in 10 rats with Seton introduced through the anal sphincter musculature. The animals were euthanized for histological fistula tract assessment. RESULTS: all ten specimens histologically assessed had a lumen and surrounding granulation tissue. There was complete epithelialization of the tract in two samples, halfway epithelialization in one sample and epithelialization of only the outer portion in six samples. Epithelialization was not evident in one tract. CONCLUSION: anal fistulas in rats were histologically proved. (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: o manejo da fístula anal ainda permanece um debate. A ausência de um tratamento ideal isento de complicações estimula o desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: desenvolver um modelo experimental de fístula anal em ratos. METODOLOGIA: criação de fístula anal cirúrgica em 10 ratos por meio de passagem de fio de aço através da musculatura do esfíncter anal. Os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia para comprovação histológica do trajeto fistuloso. RESULTADOS: todos os segmentos analisados histologicamente apresentaram lúmen e tecido de granulação. Houve epitelização completa do trajeto em dois espécimes, epitelização até a metade do trajeto em um, e epitelização somente da porção externa em seis. Um trajeto não apresentou área de epitelização. CONCLUSÃO: o desenvolvimento de fístula anal em ratos foi comprovado histologicamente. (AU)

Classification of anal fistulas based on clinicopathological evidence

Multiple classifications for anal fistulae are available in the literature, but unfortunately, non of them gained a universal acceptance. The present study aimed at a long term evaluation of a simple classification for anal fistulae based on clinical and pathological evidence and depending primarily on the site of the internal opening. 400 patients with anal fistulae seen during the last 10-years [1990 - 2000] in Alexandria city were included in the present study. Detection of the internal and external openings, together with maping of the fistulous tracks in relation to the anal sphincter complex were done to every case, and operation was planned accordingly. Cases were divided according to the classification suggested in this study. The external openings varied from 1-4, were located up to 8cm. from the anal verge, were commonly posterior and lateral, and were absent in 7.25% of cases. The internal openings were detected in all cases during operation by a variety of means, and was located at the dentate line in all cryptoglandular anal fistulae [92%], above the dentate line in high and extrasphincteric anal fistulae in [2.75%], and below the dentate line in low anal fistulae in [5.25%]. Internal openings were commoner posteriorly and laterally than anteriorly. Trans-sphincteric anal fistulae were the commonest [53%], with high blind tracks in 12.3%. 10 cases were trans-sphincteric horse shoe fistulae [7 posterior and 3 anterior]. Intersphincteric anal fistulae were seen in [38%], with high blind tracks in 5.3%. Suprasphincteric anal fistulae was the rarest [1%], and all showed high blind tracks. Extrasphincteric anal fistula was seen in [1.5%], with high blind tracks 66.7%. High anal fistulae in [1.25%], with high blind tracks in 60%. Low anal fistula in [5.25%]. Based on the pathogenesis and the site of the internal openings relative to the dentate line, anal fistulas could be classified into two major groups; the crypto glandulars and the non-cryptoglandulars. The Cryptoglandular anal fistulas [92%] possessed their internal openings almost always at the dentate line, and included; intersphincteric, trans-sphincteric and suprasphincteric types, as anatomically described by Parks. The Non-crypto glandular anal fistulas [8%] included anal fistulas with their internal openings either above the dentate line [the high and the extrasphincteric anal fistulas], or below the dentate line [The low anal fistulas]. Different varieties exist under each type according to the ramifications taken by the fistulous tracks. This proposed classification was found to be simple, applicable, reproducable, respects the pathogenesis, and proved to be of help with operative treatment

Utilidad de la endosonografía en el diagnóstico de fístulas perianales / Efficacy of endosonography in diagnosis of perianal fistulae

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la utilidad de la endosonografía anal en el diagnóstico de fístulas perianales. Material y Método: Se revisa las endosonografías anorrectales realizadas entre diciembre 1999 - mayo 2002 en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica. De esta serie se evalúa los pacientes que presentaron diagnóstico pre-endosonográfico de fístula perianal. Describimos los hallazgos endosonográficos de estos pacientes recolectados en nuestra base de datos en forma prospectiva, determinando sexo, edad, presencia y tipos de trayectos fistulosos, hallazgos distintos a trayectos fistulosos, fístulas perianales complejas, orificios internos y correlación con cirugía. Resultados: De un total de 400 endosonografías, 41 pacientes (10,25 por ciento) fueron estudiados con el diagnóstico de fístula perianal. La endosonografía pudo confirmar la presencia de 36 trayectos (87,8 por ciento). El orificio interno del trayecto fistuloso se pudo comprobar a través de instilación de agua oxigenada en el orificio fistuloso externo en 18/36 pacientes (50 por ciento). En los pacientes en que fue posible el acceso al protocolo operatorio se corroboraron los hallazgos descritos en la endosonografía. Discusión: La endosonografía anal muestra una imagen de alta resolución del canal anal y define la anatomía de trayectos fistulosos y su relación con los esfínteres anales. Frente a una fístula perianal de dificil identificación la endosonografía anal es un examen útil en el momento de enfrentar la cirugía.

Fístula perianal: un reto terapéutico / Perianal fistula: a therapeutic challenge

La fístula perianal es una entidad de frecuente consulta diaria la cual se representa con múltiples variantes clínicas y anatómicas y con complicaciones marcadas debido a tratamiento inadecuado. La incontinencia fecal es la complicación más temida; se han desarrollado muchas técnicas quirúrgicas para su manejo; se han desarrollado incluso adhesivos tisulares con el fin de evitar procedimientos invasivos en la region perianal. Se intenta dar una visión amplia de esta patología y de su tratamiento.

Retrospective histopathological study of fistula-in-ano

Histopathological review of 142 cases of fistula-in-ano [FIA] in King Faisal Hospital, Taif, showed that non specific inflammatory tissue line the majority of the fistulous tracts. Epithelial lining was encountered in 26 cases [18.3%], the most common lining was columnar in 10 cases and the least was columnar and transitional in 2 cases only. Epithelial lining was present proportionately more frequent in cases under 10 years of age, thus supporting a congenital origin as well as infection of anal-gl and s, earlier proposed. Foreign body response in many cases may be due to presence of intestinal contents. Locally endemic infections diseases do not appear to play a significant role in the cause of fistula-in-ano. Fistula-in-ano was present mainly in the fourth [56.3%] and third [19.7%] decades of life with male predominance where male to female ratio was 8.9: 1

Routine pathologic evaluation of hemorrhoidectomy and fistulectomy specimens: Are they worth while?

Unsuspected carcinoma of the anus found on routine pathologic analysis of specimens taken at hemorrhoidectomy is a rare occurence. During the past two years, 200 hemorrhoidectomies and Fistulectomies have been performmed at NASR CITY hospital for health Insurance and at SAUDI Hospital During that time period, only one istance of unsuspected carcinoma of the anus was diagnosed solely by microscopic analysis of a specimen that was taken a hemorrhoidectomy. Used on this information, slective rather routine pathologic evaluation of hemorrhoidectomy and fistulectomy specimens all patients should undergo careful anorectal examination prior to operation repeated examination should be performed with the patient under anesthesia and all excised tissue should be visually and manually inspected by the operating surgeon. Any suspicious areas will be sent for pathologic evaluation. The coincidence of hemorrhoids with cancer rectum is not uncommon. In the past the fear of missing an incidental anal neoplasm prejudiged many surgeons against non operative treatment of hemorrhoid Presently, the majority of patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids are treated nonoperatively, yet there have been no reports of these patients having subsequent carcinoma of the anus flap. Thus after exclusion of those patients with secondary hemorrhoids due to cancer rectum or sigmoid Routine pathologic examination is expensive this has led to the Question is routine pathologic evaluation of hemorrhoidectomy and fistulectomy specimens necessary? To answer this question the present study was done